Telecom Basics and Fundamentals

Telecom Basic Concepts

• Basic Concepts
• Different nodes in Telecommunication Network.
• Five Mega trends in Communication world.
• How mobile communication work?
• Governing bodies in Telecom world.

Introduction
• Types of Signals
Basic Concepts
• Notion of Bandwidth
– In simple terms, bandwidth is just a measure of how fast information can be transmitted
– The larger the bandwidth, the more information that can be transmitted in a given amount of time

Basic Concepts
• Characteristics of Different Signals
– Voice: analog with information rate “constant” and relatively narrowband
– Data: digital with information rate bursty with variations from very narrowband to broadband
Five Mega-Trends
• Analog versus Digital -- Why Digital?
• Circuit Switching versus Packet Switching -- Why Packet Switching?
• Narrowband versus Broadband -- Why Broadband?
• High Latency versus Low Latency -- Why Low Latency?
• Wired versus Wireless -- Why Wireless?

How to Make a “Wireless” Phone Call
Fixed Wireless Networks
Frequency vs. Bandwidth
• Frequency is a specific location on the electromagnetic spectrum
• Bandwidth is the range between two frequencies
– Bandwidth is measured in Hertz
– A cellular operator may transmit signals between 824-849 MHz, for a total bandwidth of 25 MHz
Cellular Architecture (cont.)
• Each tower serves one cell
• Each cell uses different frequencies
• As phone moves from one cell to another, towers “handoff” calls

Frequency Reuse
Competing Air Interface Technologies in US
Air Interface Development
• 1st Generation (1G)
– Represented pioneer analog cellular systems that permitted two-way voice communications, circuit-switched data transmission
• 2nd Generation (2G)
– GSM, TDMA, and CDMA
– 2G networks are the first digital mobile telephone networks and offer voice services such as voice mail and caller ID as well as Short Messaging Service (SMS)
– Data speeds of 9.6 to 19.2 kbps
• 3rd Generation (3G)
– This is currently in implemantation and widely used all over the world.
– With 3G technology ,we can have faster Internet access with speeds up to 2 Mbps.
– This also includes new and advanced planned 3G services include video and audio streaming and location-based services.
• 4th Generation (4G)
– This is currently in developement phase .
– With 4G technology ,we can have more faster Internet access with speeds up to 100 Mbps.
– 4G technology developed on the basis LTE(long term evolution) technology

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